Anatomy
Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide 2026 — Free A&P Notes for Nursing
May 30, 2026
Body Systems Quick Reference
Cardiovascular
4 heart chambers. Blood flows: body → right heart → lungs → left heart → body. Normal HR 60-100 bpm. Normal BP less than 120/80.
Respiratory
Gas exchange in alveoli. Normal RR 12-20 breaths/min. Normal SpO2 95-100%.
Nervous System
CNS = brain + spinal cord. PNS = cranial and spinal nerves. Key neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin.
Endocrine
Pituitary (master gland), Thyroid (T3/T4 metabolism), Pancreas (insulin/glucagon), Adrenal (cortisol/adrenaline).
Musculoskeletal
206 bones. Three muscle types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac. Key joints: ball-and-socket (hip, shoulder), hinge (knee, elbow).
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